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Sumatra PDF 3.5.1 for apple download2/25/2024 Our findings indicate selectivity in the siamangs’ use of sleeping trees, with only a few trees in the study site being used for this purpose. (3) Siamangs selected sleeping trees to avoid neighbouring groups, monopolise resources (competition), and to be near their last feeding tree. (2) The solitary female displayed selection criteria for sleeping trees that were similar to those of the family group, but she slept more frequently in smaller trees than the latter. The observed regular reuse of sleeping sites, however, did not support anti-predation theory. These results indicate that the siamangs’ choice of sleeping trees and related behaviours were strongly driven by predator avoidance. Siamangs showed early entry into and departure from sleeping trees, and slept at the ends of branches. Our data showed that (1) sleeping trees were tall, emergent trees with some, albeit low, connectivity to the neighbouring canopy, and that they were surrounded by other tall trees. ![]() We tested whether: (1) physical characteristics of sleeping trees and the surrounding trees, together with siamang behaviours, supported selection based on predation risk and access requirements (2) the preferences of a solitary siamang were similar to those of a family group and (3) sleeping site locations within home ranges were indicative of home range defence, scramble competition with other groups or other species, or food requirements. ![]() We performed all day follows, sleeping tree surveys and forest plot enumerations in the field. Sleeping tree selection and related behaviours of a family group and a solitary female siamang ( Symphalangus syndactylus) were investigated over a 5-month period in northern Sumatra, Indonesia.
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